乙二胺/氯化胆碱低共熔溶剂处理调控工业碱木质素结构

(北京林业大学材料科学与技术学院,北京 100083)

木质素改性; 低共熔熔剂; 羟基含量; 绿色化学

Tailoring the structure of industrial lignin using ethylenediamine/choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent
WANG Jiaming, SHEN Xiaojun*, YUAN Tongqi*

(College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

lignin modification; deep eutectic solvent; hydroxyl content; green chemistry

DOI: 10.13360/j.issn.2096-1359.202503014

备注

工业木质素因其高度缩合的结构和低溶解性,导致反应活性不足,限制了其在高性能材料中的应用。为改善木质素的化学反应性,采用低共熔溶剂(DES)体系(乙二胺与氯化胆碱物质的量比4:1),对工业碱木质素进行预处理,探讨了温度(120~180 ℃)、时间(1~8 h)及DES含水量(20%~100%)对木质素结构及官能团演变的影响。研究结果表明,在温和条件(160 ℃、4 h、80%含水量)下,DES体系可显著提高木质素中非缩合G型酚羟基的含量(最大值达到1.168 mmol/g),并能有效抑制高温条件下的缩合降解。红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁磷谱(31P NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)及二维核磁共振谱图(2D HSQC NMR)分析揭示,在低温阶段(<160 ℃)乙二胺/氯化胆碱DES主要通过氢键作用促进胺基引入,而在高温阶段(>160 ℃)则易引发木质素解聚及酚羟基缩合,导致活性官能团含量下降。此外,溶液中较高含水量(60%~80%)有助于提高羟基含量,并抑制过度降解。综合来看,该研究通过将含氮基团引入木质素,不但提升活性羟基含量和改变分子量分布,还为其在高性能生物质基材料中的应用提供了新的思路。
Characterized by a highly condensed structure and low solubility, industrial lignin often exhibits insufficient reactivity, significantly limiting its application in high-performance materials. To address this challenge and enhance the chemical reactivity of lignin, this study employed a deep eutectic solvent(DES)system composed of ethylenediamine and choline chloride at a molar ratio of 4:1 for the pretreatment of industrial alkali lignin. A systematic investigation was conducted to explore the effects of key processing parameters, including treatment temperature(120-180 ℃), reaction time(1-8 h), and DES water content(20%-100%), on the structural evolution and functional group transformation of lignin. The experimental results revealed that, under mild conditions(160 ℃, 4 h, 80% water content of DES), the DES system could remarkably increase the content of non-condensed G-type phenolic hydroxyl groups in lignin, reaching a maximum of 1.168 mmol/g. Notably, this pretreatment effectively suppressed the condensation degradation of lignin that typically occurs under high-temperature conditions. Advanced characterization techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), nuclear magnetic phosphorus spectrum(31P NMR), gel permeation chromatography(GPC), and two-dimensional heteronuclear single-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance(2D HSQC NMR), provided deeper insights into the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, at temperatures below 160 ℃, the hydrogen bonding interactions between DES(ethylenediamine/choline chloride)and lignin played a dominant role, facilitating the introduction of amine groups onto the lignin structure. In contrast, at elevated temperatures(>160 ℃), the DES system tended to induce lignin depolymerization, being potentially beneficial for breaking down recalcitrant structures and promoted the condensation of phenolic hydroxyl groups, leading to a reduction in active functional group content. Furthermore, higher water content in the solution(60%-80%)was found to mitigate excessive degradation, enhance the retention of hydroxyl groups and hinder excessive degradation reactions. Beyond structural characterization, this study highlighted the strategic advantage of introducing nitrogen-containing groups into lignin via DES pretreatment. This approach significantly increased the content of active hydroxyl groups and altered the molecular weight distribution of lignin, potentially reducing its recalcitrance and enhancing its compatibility with polymer matrices. These findings revealed the potential of DES-based pretreatment as a versatile tool to tailor lignin properties for high-performance biomass-based materials, such as adhesives, coatings, or thermosetting composites, where reactive hydroxyl groups and controlled molecular weight are critical. In summary, this work bridges the gap between the fundamental understanding of lignin-DES interactions and practical application development, offering novel perspectives for valorizing industrial lignin through sustainable and tunable chemical processing.
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